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Contents

• Deriving

Given that it is useful and common to specify version numbers forPython modules, and given that different ways of doing this have grownorganically within the Python community, it is useful to establishstandard conventions for module authors to adhere to and reference.This informational PEP describes best practices for Python moduleauthors who want to define the version number of their Python module.

Conformance with this PEP is optional, however other Python tools(such as distutils2[1]) may be adapted to use the conventionsdefined here.

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This PEP was formally rejected on 2021-04-14. The packaging ecosystemhas changed significantly in the intervening years since this PEP wasfirst written, and APIs such as importlib.metadata.versions()[11]provide for a much better experience.

Alice is writing a new module, called alice, which she wants toshare with other Python developers. alice is a simple module andlives in one file, alice.py. Alice wants to specify a versionnumber so that her users can tell which version they are using.Because her module lives entirely in one file, she wants to add theversion number to that file.

Bob has written a module called bob which he has shared with manyusers. bob.py contains a version number for the convenience ofhis users. Bob learns about the Cheeseshop [2], and adds some simplepackaging using classic distutils so that he can upload The BobBundle to the Cheeseshop. Because bob.py already specifies aversion number which his users can access programmatically, he wantsthe same API to continue to work even though his users now get it fromthe Cheeseshop.

Carol maintains several namespace packages, each of which areindependently developed and distributed. In order for her users toproperly specify dependencies on the right versions of her packages,she specifies the version numbers in the namespace package'ssetup.py file. Because Carol wants to have to update one versionnumber per package, she specifies the version number in her module andhas the setup.py extract the module version number when she buildsthe sdist archive.

David maintains a package in the standard library, and also producesstandalone versions for other versions of Python. The standardlibrary copy defines the version number in the module, and this sameversion number is used for the standalone distributions as well.

Python modules, both in the standard library and available from thirdparties, have long included version numbers. There are establishedde facto standards for describing version numbers, and many ad-hocways have grown organically over the years. Often, version numberscan be retrieved from a module programmatically, by importing themodule and inspecting an attribute. Classic Python distutilssetup() functions [3] describe a version argument where therelease's version number can be specified. PEP 8[4] describes theuse of a module attribute called __version__ for recording'Subversion, CVS, or RCS' version strings using keyword expansion. Inthe PEP author's own email archives, the earliest example of the useof an __version__ module attribute by independent moduledevelopers dates back to 1995.

Another example of version information is the sqlite3 [5] modulewith its sqlite_version_info, version, and version_infoattributes. It may not be immediately obvious which attributecontains a version number for the module, and which contains a versionnumber for the underlying SQLite3 library.

This informational PEP codifies established practice, and recommendsstandard ways of describing module version numbers, along with someuse cases for when -- and when not -- to include them. Its adoptionby module authors is purely voluntary; packaging tools in the standardlibrary will provide optional support for the standards definedherein, and other tools in the Python universe may comply as well.

1. In general, modules in the standard library SHOULD NOT have versionnumbers. They implicitly carry the version number of the Pythonrelease they are included in.
2. On a case-by-case basis, standard library modules which are alsoreleased in standalone form for other Python versions MAY include amodule version number when included in the standard library, andSHOULD include a version number when packaged separately.
3. When a module (or package) includes a version number, the versionSHOULD be available in the __version__ attribute.
4. For modules which live inside a namespace package, the moduleSHOULD include the __version__ attribute. The namespacepackage itself SHOULD NOT include its own __version__attribute.
5. The __version__ attribute's value SHOULD be a string.
6. Module version numbers SHOULD conform to the normalized versionformat specified in PEP 386[6].
7. Module version numbers SHOULD NOT contain version control systemsupplied revision numbers, or any other semantically differentversion numbers (e.g. underlying library version number).
8. The version attribute in a classic distutils setup.pyfile, or the PEP 345[7]Version metadata field SHOULD bederived from the __version__ field, or vice versa.

Retrieving the version number from a third party package:

Retrieving the version number from a standard library package that isalso distributed as a standalone module:

Version numbers for namespace packages:

Module version numbers can appear in at least two places, andsometimes more. For example, in accordance with this PEP, they areavailable programmatically on the module's __version__ attribute.In a classic distutils setup.py file, the setup() functiontakes a version argument, while the distutils2 setup.cfg filehas a version key. The version number must also get into the PEP345 metadata, preferably when the sdist archive is built. It'sdesirable for module authors to only have to specify the versionnumber once, and have all the other uses derive from this singledefinition.

This could be done in any number of ways, a few of which are outlinedbelow. These are included for illustrative purposes only and are notintended to be definitive, complete, or all-encompassing. Otherapproaches are possible, and some included below may have limitationsthat prevent their use in some situations.

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Let's say Elle adds this attribute to her module file elle.py:

Classic distutils

In classic distutils, the simplest way to add the version string tothe setup() function in setup.py is to do something likethis:

In the PEP author's experience however, this can fail in some cases,such as when the module uses automatic Python 3 conversion via the2to3 program (because setup.py is executed by Python 3 beforethe elle module has been converted).

In that case, it's not much more difficult to write a little code toparse the __version__ from the file rather than importing it.Without providing too much detail, it's likely that modules such asdistutils2 will provide a way to parse version strings from files.E.g.:

Distutils2

Because the distutils2 style setup.cfg is declarative, we can'trun any code to extract the __version__ attribute, either viaimport or via parsing.

In consultation with the distutils-sig [9], two options areproposed. Both entail containing the version number in a file, anddeclaring that file in the setup.cfg. When the entire contents ofthe file contains the version number, the version-file key will beused:

When the version number is contained within a larger file, e.g. ofPython code, such that the file must be parsed to extract the version,the key version-from-file will be used:

A parsing method similar to that described above will be performed onthe file named after the colon. The exact recipe for doing this willbe discussed in the appropriate distutils2 development forum.

An alternative is to only define the version number in setup.cfgand use the pkgutil module [8] to make it availableprogrammatically. E.g. in elle.py:

PEP 376[10] defines a standard for static metadata, but doesn'tdescribe the process by which this metadata gets created. It ishighly desirable for the derived version information to be placed intothe PEP 376.dist-info metadata at build-time rather thaninstall-time. This way, the metadata will be available forintrospection even when the code is not installed.

This document has been placed in the public domain.

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This 'anti-virus' software is malware (i.e. malicious software). Its ultimate goal is to get the user's credit card information which may be used for fraudulent purposes.
The most common names for this malware are MacDefender, MacProtector and MacSecurity.

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Apple released a free software update (Security Update 2011-003) that will automatically find and remove Mac Defender malware and its known variants.
The Resolution section below also provides step-by-step instructions on how to avoid or manually remove this malware.

Resolution

How to avoid installing this malware

If any notifications about viruses or security software appear, quit Safari or any other browser that you are using. If a normal attempt at quitting the browser doesn't work, then Force Quit the browser.

In some cases, your browser may automatically download and launch the installer for this malicious software. If this happens, cancel the installation process; do not enter your administrator password. Delete the installer immediately using the steps below.

1. Go into the Downloads folder, or your preferred download location.
2. Drag the installer to the Trash.
3. Empty the Trash.

How to remove this malware

If the malware has been installed, we recommend the following actions:

• Do not provide your credit card information under any circumstances.
• Use the Removal Steps below.

Removal steps

1. Move or close the Scan Window.
2. Go to the Utilities folder in the Applications folder and launch Activity Monitor.
3. Choose All Processes from the pop up menu in the upper right corner of the window.
4. Under the Process Name column, look for the name of the app and click to select it; common app names include: MacDefender, MacSecurity or MacProtector.
5. Click the Quit Process button in the upper left corner of the window and select Quit.
6. Quit Activity Monitor application.
7. Open the Applications folder.
8. Locate the app ex. MacDefender, MacSecurity, MacProtector or other name.
9. Drag to Trash, and empty Trash.

Malware also installs a login item in your account in System Preferences. Removal of the login item is not necessary, but you can remove it by following the steps below.

• Open System Preferences, select Accounts, then Login Items
• Select the name of the app you removed in the steps above ex. MacDefender, MacSecurity, MacProtector
• Click the minus button

Use the steps in the 'How to avoid installing this malware' section above to remove the installer from the download location.

Note: Evojelly mac os. Apple provides security updates for the Mac exclusively through Software Update and the Apple Support Downloads site. User should exercise caution any time they are asked to enter sensitive personal information online.